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Dave Bing

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Dave Bing
Bing in 2012
74th Mayor of Detroit
In office
May 11, 2009 – January 1, 2014
Preceded byKenneth Cockrel Jr.
Succeeded byMike Duggan
Personal details
Born (1943-11-24) November 24, 1943 (age 81)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
SpouseYvette Bing
EducationSyracuse University
ProfessionProfessional athlete, businessman, politician
Basketball career
Personal information
Listed height6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Listed weight180 lb (82 kg)
Career information
High schoolSpingarn (Washington, D.C.)
CollegeSyracuse (1963–1966)
NBA draft1966: 1st round, 2nd overall pick
Selected by the Detroit Pistons
Playing career1966–1978
PositionPoint guard
Number21, 44
Career history
1966–1975Detroit Pistons
1975–1977Washington Bullets
1977–1978Boston Celtics
Career highlights and awards
Career statistics
Points18,327 (20.3 ppg)
Rebounds3,420 (3.8 rpg)
Assists5,397 (6.0 apg)
Stats at NBA.com Edit this at Wikidata
Stats at Basketball Reference
Basketball Hall of Fame
Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame

David Bing (born November 24, 1943) is an American former professional basketball player, businessman, and politician who served as the 74th mayor of Detroit, Michigan from 2009 to 2014. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

After starring at Syracuse University, Bing played 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a point guard for the Detroit Pistons (1966–1975), Washington Bullets (1975–1977), and Boston Celtics (1977–78). During his career, he averaged over 20 points and six assists per game and made seven NBA All-Star Game appearances, winning the game's Most Valuable Player award in 1976. The Pistons celebrated his career accomplishments with the retirement of his #21 jersey. In addition, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and named to the NBA 50th Anniversary All-Time Team and the NBA 75th Anniversary All-Time Team.[1][2]

Bing founded Bing Steel, a processing company that earned him the National Minority Small Business Person of the Year award in 1984. Soon the business grew into the multimillion-dollar Detroit-based conglomerate, the Bing Group, one of the largest steel companies in Michigan.

Bing entered Detroit politics as a Democrat in 2008, announcing his intentions to run for mayor in the city's non-partisan primary to finish the term of Kwame Kilpatrick, who had resigned amid a corruption scandal. After winning the primary, Bing then defeated Interim Mayor Kenneth Cockrel Jr. and was sworn in as mayor in May 2009. Later that year, Bing was re-elected to a full term. However, he lost most of his power to Detroit's emergency manager Kevyn Orr, had numerous health problems, and suffered approval ratings as low as 14%. Bing thus did not seek re-election in 2013 and was succeeded by politician and businessman Mike Duggan.

Early life

[edit]

Bing was born November 24, 1943, in Washington, D.C., to mother Juanita, a housekeeper, and father Hasker, a bricklayer and deacon for the local Baptist church. He was the second child of four living in a two-bedroom, one-story house in the northeast part of town.[3] In his childhood, Bing received the nickname "Duke" from his father, because, according to Bing, he always "wanted to be top dog."[4] He suffered a traumatic eye injury at age five, when, while playing with an improvised hobby horse he constructed with two sticks nailed together; Bing tripped and accidentally poked his left eye with a rusty nail. The family could not afford emergency surgery, leaving the eye to heal on its own and diminishing his vision thereafter.[5] Bing's father also suffered a severe head injury during the boy's childhood. While working a construction site, a brick fell four stories onto his head, causing a brain clot. The episode led young Bing to promise himself that he would never work in such a profession.[4]

In athletics, Bing played basketball, but older children often told him he was too small for the game.[4] However, he played well, triumphing over such older and bigger children as future Motown musician Marvin Gaye, who, after not performing well on the court, chose to sing on the sidelines. Bing and Gaye forged a friendship, which continued later in life. Despite his basketball play, Bing, a fan of the Brooklyn Dodgers and Jackie Robinson, focused primarily on baseball, the neighborhood's preferred game.[6]

Despite his fuzzy vision, he excelled in baseball at Spingarn High School,[4] where he enrolled in 1958.[7] Nevertheless, the school's head basketball coach William Roundtree encouraged him to revisit basketball. Roundtree became a fatherly figure to Bing, who decided to join the team. He developed into a double-digits per game scorer, noted for his jump shot and knack for driving to the basket.[7] He continued also to compete in baseball into his senior year, but was forced to choose between it and basketball when a scheduling conflict between two tournaments arose.[4] Though he felt he was better at baseball, Bing opted for basketball, believing it gave him a greater chance at a full-ride college scholarship,[8] well aware of the path taken by Los Angeles Lakers forward Elgin Baylor, a Spingarn alum.[7] At the tournament, Bing led his team to victory and earned MVP honors.[4] All in all, in high school, Bing was a three-year letter winner, all–Inter High, all-Metro, and all-East member. In 1962, he was featured in Parade magazine and made the All-American Team.

College career

[edit]

Bing attended Syracuse University, where he was once roommates with Jim Boeheim.[9] He led the Orangemen in scoring as a sophomore (22.2) in 1964, as a junior (23.2) in 1965, and as a senior (28.4) in 1966. During his senior year, Bing was fifth in the nation in scoring and was Syracuse's first consensus All-American in 39 years. He was also named to The Sporting News All-America First Team and was named Syracuse Athlete of the Year.

In his three-year varsity career at Syracuse, Bing averaged 24.8 points and 10.3 rebounds, with 1883 total points and 786 total rebounds in 76 games.[10]

While attending Syracuse, he became acquainted with Joe Biden, who was as student in the law school. Biden would later serve as a U.S. senator, vice president, and president of the United States.[11]

Professional career

[edit]
Bing playing for the Detroit Pistons, c. 1975

Bing's playing style was somewhat unusual for the time. As a lean, athletic and explosive point guard, he functioned as the playmaker distributing the ball, but also did more shooting and scoring than most others who had this position. At one time a joke about him and his backcourt partner, Jimmy Walker, was that it was a shame they could only play the game with one ball at a time.

Detroit Pistons (1966–1975)

[edit]

In 1966, after being selected 2nd overall in the 1966 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons, Bing scored 1,601 points (20.0 points per game), and won the 1967 NBA Rookie of the Year Award while also being named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The next year, he led the NBA in scoring with 2,142 points (27.1 points per game) in 1968.

On November 23, 1968, Bing recorded a triple-double of 39 points, 16 rebounds and 10 assists in a 127–128 loss to the Baltimore Bullets.[12]

Bing sat out 2½ months of the 1971–72 season due to a detached retina incurred from a preseason game against the Los Angeles Lakers, playing in only 45 games that season.[9] While with the Pistons, he played in six NBA All-Star Games (1968, 1969, 1971, 1973–1975), and was named to the All-NBA First Team in 1968 and 1971.

Washington Bullets (1975–1977)

[edit]

After leaving the Detroit Pistons, Bing went on to spend his next two seasons with the Washington Bullets, for whom he was named an NBA All-Star once more in 1976, this time winning the game's MVP Award.

Boston Celtics (1977–1978)

[edit]

He played his final season with the Boston Celtics, averaging 13.6 points. He then retired at the conclusion of the 1977–1978 season.

Overall, in his NBA career, Bing averaged 20.3 points, 6.0 assists and 3.8 rebounds in 901 games over 12 NBA seasons, scoring 18,327 points with 5,397 assists.[10]

National Basketball Retired Players Association

[edit]

In 1992, Bing co-founded the National Basketball Retired Players Association.[11][13] As of 2024, he continues to serve on its board of directors.[11]

Business career

[edit]

At age 22 with an NBA contract worth $15,000, Bing was rebuffed by the National Bank of Detroit on getting a mortgage to finance a home. This led Bing to work at the bank during the offseason, holding jobs in the teller, customer relations, and mortgage departments.

Immediately after retiring, he worked at a warehouse of the steel processing company Paragon Steel and was paid $35,000. He left after two years, after stints in the company's shipping and sales operations.

Bing Steel

[edit]

In 1980, Bing opened Bing Steel with four employees in a rented warehouse from $250,000 in loans and $80,000 of his own money. Losing all his money in six months, the company shied away from manufacturing to focus on being a middleman. With General Motors as their first major client, the company turned a profit in its second year on revenues of $4.2 million. By 1984, Bing was awarded by President Ronald Reagan the National Minority Small Business Person of the Year. By 1985, Bing Steel had expanded to two plants with 63 employees posting revenues of $40 million.[9] Company assets were sold off in 2009.[14]

The Bing Group

[edit]

Bing Steel transformed itself to the Bing Group, a conglomerate with headquarters located in Detroit's North End. The company, among other things, supplies metal stampings to the automobile industry.

At the 1990 NBA All-Star Game, Bing received the Schick Achievement Award for his work after his NBA career.

Early political involvement and activism

[edit]

Bing was an early political supporter of Kwame Kilpatrick. However, Bing was among the first Michigan business community leaders to urge the resignation of Kilpatrick from his office as mayor of Detroit when scandals emerged surrounding Kilpatrick. Kilpatrick resigned as mayor in September 2008.[15]

Bing led Detroit's effort to receive the rights to host the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[16] In November 2002, Detroit lost to Boston. Detroit's weak spot was considered to be its smaller number of hotel rooms.[17]

In January 2009, on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, Bing received the National Civil Rights Museum Sports Legacy Award. The award honors King's legacy as a leader of the civil rights movement, by acknowledging athletes who have made significant contributions to civil and human rights and who helped establish a foundation for future leaders in athletic careers.[18] The honor was to be presented during the half-time show of the game between the Memphis Grizzlies and the Detroit Pistons in Memphis, Tennessee.

Bing volunteered in the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America program.[when?]

Mayoralty

[edit]
Bing attending the August 2012 groundbreaking ceremony for a new Detroit Manufacturing Systems facility
L-R: Ford Motor Company VP Tony Brown, Faurecia CEO Yann Delabrière, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder, Rush Trucking CEO Andra Rush, U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow, and Bing

2009 elections

[edit]

On October 16, 2008, Bing announced that he would be a candidate for mayor of Detroit in the 2009 Detroit mayoral special election to finish the term of Kwame Kilpatrick, who had resigned as part of a plea bargain agreement after being charged with the crime of perjury. Bing finished first in a 15 candidate non-partisan primary on February 24, 2009. On May 5, 2009, Bing was elected with 52.3% of the vote, defeating interim mayor Kenneth Cockrel Jr., who received 47.7%.[19][20] Bing had only moved to a residence within city limits shortly before his campaign for mayor. Bing had previously resided in suburban Franklin, Michigan.[15]

Bing was reelected to a full term on November 3, 2009.[21] Bing's inauguration for his full term was held at the Fox Theatre.[15]

Leadership style

[edit]

In comparison to his predecessor Kwame Kilaptrick, Bing opted for a more low-key presence as mayor[15][22] and opted to forgo enjoying many of the benefits to which the mayor was entitled.[15] Bing additionally forwent accepting salary as mayor during at least his first year as mayor.[15][22] Bing did not shy away from making decisions that were unpopular.[22]

Fiscal and economic matters

[edit]
Bing (right) with U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Shaun Donovan at the Detroit Economic Club in 2011

When Bing took office, the city was suffering significant economic trouble and its government was suffering major fiscal trouble.[23] The city was suffering a $30 million budget deficit.[24] The city also had overall accumulated $332 million in deficit, more than $15 million in long-term liabilities.[22] The city government's fiscal troubles persisted under Bing, with Detroit suffering increased budget deficits during much of his tenure.[24][25] However, by the time he left office, the city's deficit had decreased by $7 million from where it stood when he assumed office.[22]

Due to the importance of the automotive industry to Detroit, Bing was involved in discussions related to the 2009 auto bailout. These discussions also included Vice President Joe Biden, who Bing had first known when they were students at Syracuse University.[11]

In 2011, Bing proposed that the city's next budget include a $4 million decrease in funding for City Council staff, and fund new hires for the city's fire department.[26] In mid-2011, Bing vetoed the budget passed by the City Council, claiming its cuts were excessive and could be to the detriment of the services of the city's police and fire departments. The City Council's budget made $50 million more in cuts than Bing's initial proposed budget had made.[27][28] Bing's budget proposal was for $3.1 billion in spending.[29] The City Council overrode this veto in an 8–1 vote.[27] The city's 2012 budget made a 20% decrease to the city's fire department. This has been seen as having a detrimental effect on the city's ability to handle fires, including arson.[30] In mid-2012, the fire department announced 164 layoffs.[31] In 2013, Bing proposed a $1 billion budget, a $300 million decrease from the previous year's budget.[32]

By the time he was reelected to a full term, Bing had dismissed more than 400 city employees and had ended 16 out of 51 contracts that the city had with trade unions.[15] Bing faced protests by unions during his mayoralty. By the end of his mayoralty, Bing had eliminated 1,000 positions in the city government, a 9% decrease to the municipal workforce. Additionally, many city employees faced decreased salaries, decreased benefits, and even furloughs. Bing also outsourced many roles of the city government. The city's public health department was replaced by the Institution for Population Health public-private partnership. The workforce-development department was replaced by Detroit Employment Solutions, a nonprofit organization. Management of payroll and benefits for city employees was also outsourced.[22]

The city enjoyed new private development over the course of Bing's tenure. This included both the opening of new small businesses, an investment of $198 million by Chrysler in its Mack Avenue Engine Plant (which created 250 new jobs), and significant development in the city's downtown by businessman Dan Gilbert.[22]

Blight management

[edit]
Bing speaking at the 2011 inauguration of Governor Rick Snyder

Bing proposed the idea of demolishing neighborhoods and decreasing city services.[33] Bing spoke of his intention to depopulate neighborhoods, including through forcible means such as eminent domain.[22][34] This was controversial among city residents.[22] Bing sought to incentivize residents to relocate from largely depopulated neighborhoods so that those neighborhoods could be demolished and the public services could be consolidated to more densely populated areas of the city.[34] Past mayors had made pledges to demolish abandoned homes but taken little action to do so.[35] Under Bing, the city took action to demolish abandoned homes, reporting in early 2013 to have demolished 6,700 since Bing took office. However, the city still had tens of thousands more abandoned homes.[35][36] Bing's program of demolishing abandoned homes was controversial with some city residents.[35] Aiming to repopulate certain neighborhoods, in early 2011 Bing began a program to give $150,000 in grants to assist in renovations of foreclosed homes in select neighborhoods. Hoping to encourage members of the city's police force to reside within city limits, Bing only required police officers to place a mere $1,000 in order to acquire abandoned residences and be eligible for renovation grants.[37][38]

Bing launched the Detroit Works Project (later renamed Detroit Future City), an effort to create a 50-year outline for the city's future. The project was intended to create a community-planned vision for how the city would manage its problems. The city government underestimated how many citizens would attend community meetings. Controversy arose during the process, when Bing publicized his intention to depopulate certain neighborhoods by forcibly relocating residents to denser neighborhoods. The public anger at this threatened the project.[22]

Bing sought to fix the city's broken street lights, which were considered a serious problem.[39] In 2012, Bing persuaded the state legislature and governor to create the Public Lighting Authority of Detroit and dedicate utility and income tax revenue for the $185 million in bonds for this purpose. Bing appointed a lighting authority board, which then signed a contract with DTE Energy to repair the city's streetlights. However, the contract did not take place until early 2013, by which time Bing had left office. Bing's successor Mike Duggan built upon Bing's efforts to repair the city's streetlights to significant success. It has been noted that, due to Bing being out of office when the work was carried out, he has not received much public credit for it.[40][41]

Policing and crime

[edit]

During Bing's tenure, there was trouble within the Detroit Police Department. This included instability in leadership, with the city cycling through four different police chiefs during Bing's less-than-5-years in office.[22] While he gave no explicit reason for the firing, it was speculated that Bing dismissed the first police chief of his mayoralty, Warren Evans, both due to the police raid that resulted in the killing of Aiyana Jones and due to Bing's dissatisfaction with Warren's pursuit of media exposure through participation in reality television shows such as The First 48.[42][43] Even as crime in large cities was declining overall in the United States, Detroit saw its homicide rate rise to a 20-year high in 2012.[22]

Other projects

[edit]
Bing (center right) with Senator Carl Levin (far left) and Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus (center left) at the 2011 naming ceremony for USS Detroit (LCS-7)

Early into his mayoralty, Bing began pursuing a renovation of Cobo Center, the city's main convention center.[44] Renovation occurred while Bing was mayor, taking place under the management of a new cooperative governing authority for the convention center.[22]

Bing established the city's Active and Safe Campaign public-private partnership to raise funds for public safety initiatives, as well as raise funds for recreational programs and enhancements to the city's recreation facilities.[45]

Bing made an unpopular proposal to decrease city bus service on Sundays. This never came into fruition.[22]

Emergency management and municipal bankruptcy

[edit]

On March 1, 2013, Governor Rick Snyder announced that he would appoint an emergency manager for the city of Detroit due to the city's fiscal troubles, making Detroit the United States largest city's to be placed under emergency management.[24][46] Bing had, in the years prior, warned that this was a possibility, and expressed his desire for the city to avert such a situation.[25] The placement of the city under emergency management deprived Bing of much of his mayoral authority.[47] Bing declared that while he opposed emergency management, he was willing to work collaboratively with the emergency manager that would be appointed.[46] Kevyn Orr was soon after appointed to the emergency manager role.[47] Many in the city criticized Bing for not being more resistant to emergency management.[22]

In July 2013, before Bing left office, Detroit became the largest city in United States history to declare municipal bankruptcy.[48] This was the decision of emergency manager Kevin Orr.[49] Many criticized Bing for not doing more to fight this move by Orr.[22]

Decision to forgo seeking reelection in 2013

[edit]

In addition to losing authority to the emergency manager, Bing suffered numerous health problems,[50] and had seen approval ratings as low as 14%.[51] Bing announced on May 14, 2013, he would not run for reelection to another term in the election to be held later that year.[52]

Later political activities

[edit]

In August 2023, Bing endorsed Elissa Slotkin's candidacy for the 2024 United States Senate election in Michigan.[53]

Personal life

[edit]

Bing is the godfather of Jalen Rose.[54] In 2020, Bing published his autobiography titled 'Attacking the Rim'.[55][56]

Honors

[edit]

Bing was awarded the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award in 1977.

Bing was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1990.

Bing was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996.

Bing was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.

Bing was named one of the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021.

NBA career statistics

[edit]
Legend
  GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game
 FG%  Field goal percentage  3P%  3-point field goal percentage  FT%  Free throw percentage
 RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game
 BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  Bold  Career high

Regular season

[edit]
Year Team GP MPG FG% FT% RPG APG STL BLK PPG
1966–67 Detroit 80 34.5 .436 .738 4.5 4.1 — — 20.0
1967–68 Detroit 79 40.6 .441 .707 4.7 6.4 — — 27.1
1968–69 Detroit 77 39.5 .425 .713 5.0 7.1 — — 23.4
1969–70 Detroit 70 33.3 .444 .783 4.3 6.0 — — 22.9
1970–71 Detroit 82 37.4 .467 .797 4.4 5.0 — — 27.0
1971–72 Detroit 45 43.0 .414 .785 4.1 7.0 — — 22.6
1972–73 Detroit 82 41.0 .448 .814 3.6 7.8 — — 22.4
1973–74 Detroit 81 38.6 .436 .813 3.5 6.9 1.3 0.2 18.8
1974–75 Detroit 79 40.8 .434 .809 3.6 7.7 1.5 0.3 19.0
1975–76 Washington 82 35.9 .447 .787 2.9 6.0 1.4 0.3 16.2
1976–77 Washington 64 23.7 .454 .773 2.2 4.3 1.0 0.1 10.6
1977–78 Boston 80 28.2 .449 .824 2.7 3.8 1.0 0.2 13.6
Career 901 36.4 .441 .775 3.8 6.0 1.3 0.2 20.3
All-Star 7 17.9 .372 1.000 2.3 2.3 0.0 0.0 5.9

Playoffs

[edit]
Year Team GP MPG FG% FT% RPG APG STL BLK PPG
1968 Detroit 6 42.3 .410 .733 4.0 4.8 — — 28.2
1974 Detroit 7 44.6 .420 .733 3.7 6.0 0.4 0.1 18.9
1975 Detroit 3 44.7 .426 .615 3.7 9.7 1.7 0.0 16.0
1976 Washington 7 29.9 .447 .800 2.6 4.0 1.0 0.3 13.7
1977 Washington 8 6.9 .438 1.000 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.1 4.0
Career 31 31.1 .423 .748 2.7 4.3 0.6 0.2 15.4

Electoral history

[edit]
2009 Detroit mayoral special primary election results[57][58]
Candidate Votes % ±
Dave Bing 26,337 28.82
Ken Cockrel, Jr. (incumbent) 24,677 27.00
Freman Hendrix 21,208 23.21
Warren Evans 9,193 10.06
Coleman Young II 3,744 4.10
Sharon McPhail 2,565 2.81
Nicholas Hood III 2,077 2.27
Jerroll Sanders 336 0.37
D. Etta Wilcoxon 309 0.34
Brenda Sanders 199 0.22
Donald Bradley 157 0.17
Duane Montgomery 152 0.17
Write-In 136 0.15
Stanley Michael Christmas 103 0.11
Joseph Holt 101 0.11
Frances Culver 87 0.10
2009 Detroit mayoral special election[59]
Candidate Votes % ±
Dave Bing 49,054 52% +23%
Ken Cockrel, Jr. (incumbent) 44,770 48% +22%
2009 Detroit mayoral primary election[60]
Candidate Votes % ±
Dave Bing (incumbent) 68,623 73.90
Tom Barrow 10,302 11.09
Jerroll Sanders 9,322 10.04
Duane Montgomery 1,911 2.06
Dartagnan M. Collier 1,265 1.36
Bob Allman 873 0.94
Write-In 566 0.61
2009 Detroit mayoral election[61]
Candidate Votes % ±
Dave Bing (incumbent) 70,060 56% −18%
Tom Barrow 50,757 41% +30%
Write-In 3,849 3% +3%

References

[edit]
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  44. ^ Walsh, Dustin (May 21, 2009). "bing say he's working to get Cobo Center expansion deal done". Crain's Detroit. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  45. ^ "Mayor Bing reappoints Alicia Minter as Recreation Department Director". WDIV. December 13, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  46. ^ a b Davey, Monica (March 1, 2013). "Michigan Naming Fiscal Manager to Help Detroit". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
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  48. ^ Williams, Corey (July 19, 2013). "In Despair, Detroit Files for Bankruptcy". The Express. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. p. 3. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  49. ^ Coleman, Ken (July 18, 2023). "On this day in 2013: The city of Detroit files for bankruptcy ⋆ Michigan Advance". Michigan Advance. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  50. ^ "Dr. Frank McGeorge explains Detroit mayor Dave Bing's health problems". ClickOn Detroit. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  51. ^ Walker, Marlon. "Poll: Detroiters unhappy with city services and those in charge". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  52. ^ "Big Won't Seek Re-Election as Detroit Mayor". AP. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
  53. ^ Coleman, Ken (August 14, 2023). "Former Detroit Mayor Dave Bing endorses Slotkin for U.S. Senate in 2024 • Michigan Advance". Michigan Advance. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  54. ^ "Q+A: JALEN ROSE". Slam Online. August 7, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2021.
  55. ^ Stitt, Chanel. "New book 'Attacking the Rim' details Dave Bing's triumph over obstacles". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  56. ^ Bing, Dave (November 2020). Dave Bing: Attacking the Rim. Chicago, Illinois: Triumph Books. ISBN 9781629378473. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  57. ^ "City of Detroit, Wayne County, February 24, 2009 Special Election" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 24, 2012.
  58. ^ "Summary Report City of Detroit - Elections August 4, 2009 Primary Election" (PDF). City of Detroit. August 12, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2024.
  59. ^ Channel 7 Action News
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  61. ^ City of Detroit, Michigan General Election, November 3, 2009 Archived February 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Department of Election, accessed November 12, 2009

Further reading

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